Symmetry for the wave equation on torus: sharp unique continuation and observability conditions for spacetime regions

Abstract

In this work, we discover a new symmetry structure for the 1D wave equations associated with spacetime observable regions: observable symmetry condition. This structure yields a new conservation law for forced wave equations and provides a necessary condition for unique continuation, observability, and controllability. Building on this symmetry, we establish a necessary and sufficient condition for unique continuation by introducing a weak GCC. Moreover, this symmetry serves as an essential complement to the classical GCC, allowing us to derive a necessary and sufficient characterization of observability and controllability through spacetime geometric regions.